Artaxerxes II

Life Summary

Artaxerxes II Mnemon, born around 436 BCE, was the son of Darius II and Parysatis. He ascended to the throne of the Achaemenid Empire in 404 BCE after the death of his father. His early reign was marked by the revolt of his younger brother, Cyrus the Younger, who sought to overthrow him with the help of Greek mercenaries. The conflict culminated in the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BCE, where Cyrus was killed, and Artaxerxes secured his rule. Artaxerxes II faced numerous challenges, including rebellions in Egypt and Asia Minor, as well as conflicts with Greek city-states. He ruled for 45 years, making his reign one of the longest in Persian history. He died in 358 BCE and was succeeded by his son, Artaxerxes III.

Historical Context

Artaxerxes II ruled during a critical period in the history of the Achaemenid Empire. The empire was the largest and most powerful state in the world at the time, stretching from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to the Indus Valley in the east. His reign saw the continuation of conflicts with Greece, which had begun during the reign of his predecessors. The empire was also facing internal strife, with satraps (provincial governors) frequently rebelling against central authority. Artaxerxes II's ability to maintain control over such a vast and diverse empire highlights the administrative and military prowess of the Achaemenid rulers. His reign is also notable for the cultural and religious developments within the empire, including the promotion of Zoroastrianism.

Beliefs

Artaxerxes II was a follower of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia. He is known to have made significant contributions to the religion, including the promotion of the cult of Anahita, a goddess associated with water, fertility, and wisdom. His support for Zoroastrianism helped to solidify its place as the dominant religion within the empire.

Key Achievements

• Secured the throne: Successfully defended his rule against his brother Cyrus the Younger in the Battle of Cunaxa (401 BCE).
• Long reign: Ruled for 45 years, one of the longest reigns in Persian history.
• Military campaigns: Conducted numerous military campaigns to maintain control over the vast Achaemenid Empire, including efforts to retake Egypt.
• Diplomatic relations: Established and maintained diplomatic relations with Greek city-states, including the King's Peace (387 BCE) which temporarily ended conflicts between Persia and Greece.
• Promotion of Zoroastrianism: Supported and promoted the Zoroastrian religion, contributing to its growth and influence within the empire.
• Administrative reforms: Worked to strengthen central authority and reduce the power of rebellious satraps, ensuring the stability of the empire.
• Cultural patronage: Encouraged cultural and architectural developments, leaving a lasting legacy in Persian art and architecture.