Artaxerxes III

Life Summary

Artaxerxes III, born Ochus, was the son of Artaxerxes II and Stateira. He ascended to the Persian throne in 358 BCE after a violent succession that included the murder of his siblings. His early reign was marked by rebellions in the empire's western satrapies, which he brutally suppressed. Artaxerxes III is best known for his reconquest of Egypt in 343 BCE, which had broken away from Persian control during the reign of his father. His military campaigns extended Persian influence into Greece and Asia Minor. He was poisoned in 338 BCE by his vizier, Bagoas, who then placed Artaxerxes IV (Arses) on the throne.

Historical Context

Artaxerxes III ruled during the late Achaemenid period, a time when the Persian Empire was facing internal fragmentation and external threats. The empire had grown vast and diverse, stretching from the Indus Valley to the Aegean Sea, making centralized control challenging. His reign is significant for temporarily restoring the empire's cohesion and power, particularly through the reconquest of Egypt, which had been a persistent thorn in Persia's side. His death marked the beginning of the end for the Achaemenid dynasty, as internal strife and the rise of Macedon under Philip II and Alexander the Great led to the empire's eventual fall.

Beliefs

Artaxerxes III adhered to the Zoroastrian faith, like his predecessors, which was the dominant religion of the Persian Empire. He likely believed in the divine right of kings, a common concept in ancient Persia, which posited that the king was chosen by the supreme god Ahura Mazda to rule. His brutal methods of maintaining power suggest a belief in the necessity of strong, centralized authority to preserve the empire's unity and stability.

Key Achievements

• Reconquest of Egypt (343 BCE): Successfully reincorporated Egypt into the Persian Empire after a decade-long campaign, ending its independence under the 30th Dynasty.
• Suppression of Revolts: Crushed rebellions in the western satrapies, including Phoenicia and Cyprus, restoring Persian control over these regions.
• Military Reforms: Strengthened the Persian army by incorporating Greek mercenaries and improving its organization, which enhanced its effectiveness in battle.
• Diplomatic Engagements: Maintained diplomatic relations with Greek city-states, including Athens and Sparta, to counterbalance Macedonian expansion under Philip II.
• Building Projects: Commissioned construction and restoration projects in Persepolis and other imperial cities, leaving a lasting architectural legacy.
• Centralization of Power: Consolidated authority by eliminating potential rivals, including members of his own family, to secure his rule.
• Economic Policies: Implemented measures to stabilize the empire's economy, which had been strained by prolonged conflicts and rebellions.